Genius Quotes of Galileo Galilei

Italian inventor and astronomer, Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15, 1564, and died on January 8, 1642. Galileo has been called the Father of the Scientific Revolution. The scientific revolution refers to a period of time (roughly from 1500 to 1700) of great advancement in the sciences that challenged the traditional beliefs about mankinds place and relationship with the universe held by religious orders. On God Scriptures To understand the quotes of Galileo Galilei concerning God and religion we have to understand the times Galileo lived in, an age of transition between religious belief and scientific reason. Galileo received his higher education at a Jesuit monastery beginning at the age of eleven, religious orders provided one of the few sources of advanced education at that time. The Jesuits priests made a great impression on the young Galileo, so much so that at the age of seventeen he announced to his father that he wanted to become a Jesuit. His father immediately removed Galileo from the monastery, not wanting his son to pursue the unprofitable career of becoming a monk. Religion and science were both intertwined and at odds during Galileos lifetime, the late 16th century and early 17th century. For example, a serious discussion among academics at that time, was about the size and shape of hell as depicted in the poem Dantes Inferno. Galileo gave a well-received lecture on the topic, including his scientific opinion about how tall Lucifer was. As a result, Galileo was given a position at the University of Pisa based on favorable reviews of his talk. Galileo Galilei remained a profoundly religious man through his lifetime, he found no conflict with his spiritual beliefs and his studies of science. However, the church did find conflict and Galileo had to answer to charges of heresy in church court more than once. At the age of sixty-eight, Galileo Galilei was tried for heresy for supporting the science that the earth rotated around the sun, the Copernican model of the solar system. The Catholic church supported the geocentric model of the solar system, where the sun and the rest of the planets all rotate around a central non-moving earth. Fearing torture at the hands of the church inquisitors, Galileo made a public confession that he had been wrong to have said that the Earth moves around the Sun. After making his false confession, Galileo quietly mumbled the truth: And yet, it moves. With the battle between science and church that occurred during Galileos lifetime in mind, consider the following quotes from Galileo Galilei about God and the scriptures The Bible shows the way to go to heaven, not the way the heavens go.I do not feel obliged to believe that the same God who has endowed us with sense, reason, and intellect has intended us to forgo their use.It is surely harmful to souls to make it a heresy to believe what is proved.It vexes me when they would constrain science by the authority of the Scriptures, and yet do not consider themselves bound to answer reason and experiment.I think that in the discussion of natural problems we ought to begin not with the Scriptures, but with experiments, and demonstrations.By denying scientific principles, one may maintain any paradox.Mathematics is the language with which God has written the universe.What ever the course of our lives, we should receive them as the highest gift from the hand of God, in which equally reposed the power to do nothing whatever for us. Indeed, we should accept misfortune not only in thanks but in infinite gratitude to Providence, which by such means detaches us from an excessive love for Earthly things and elevates our minds to the celestial and divine. On Astronomy Galileo Galileis contributions to the science of astronomy included; supporting Copernicuss view that the Sun was the center of the solar system, not the Earth, and advancing the use of the newly-invented telescope by observing sun spots, proving that the Moon had mountains and craters, discovering the four moons of Jupiter, and proving that Venus goes through phases. The sun, with all those planets revolving around it and dependent on it, can still ripen a bunch of grapes as if it had nothing else in the universe to do.The Milky Way is nothing else but a mass of innumerable stars planted together in clusters. The Study of Science Galileos scientific achievements include inventing: an improved telescope, a horse-powered pump to raise water, and a water thermometer. Facts which at first seem improbable will, even on scant explanation, drop the cloak which has hidden them and stand  forth in naked and simple beauty.In questions of science, the authority of a thousand is not worth the humble reasoning of a single individual.Where the senses fail us, reason must step in.Nature is relentless and unchangeable, and it is indifferent as to whether its hidden reasons and actions are understandable to man or not. With Regards to Philosophy I have never met a man so ignorant that I couldnt learn something from him.We cannot teach people anything; we can only help them discover it within themselves.Passion is the genesis of genius.There are those who reason well, but they are greatly outnumbered by those who reason badly.

Analysis Of The Novel Things Fall Apart - 1100 Words

Christine Kittrell Professor Harrington HUM 200: Contemporary Lit Culture 30 September 2014 American society vs. Umuofian society Values are beliefs, priorities, and or activities that people find importance in. In the 1959 novel â€Å"Things Fall Apart† written by Chinua Achebe, the concentration is on the nine Ibo-speaking villages of Umuofian, which means People of the Forest†. Umuofian is the village in which Okonkwo, the protagonist, thrives in everything and is able to secure his manly position in the tribe. There are little similarities and many differences in the values of an American society and the values of a traditional Umuofian society such as marriage, religion, role of men and women, the way each handle wars and the political system. One difference of an American society and an Umuofian society is the practice of polygamy, the practice of having many wives. This tradition is practiced in the connected nine villages of Umuofian and even encouraged by most of the people. A man s wealth is partially based on the number of wives he has. As described in Things Fall Apart, a wealthy man is defined to have nine wives and thirty children. Okonkwo had only three wives and eight children. Polygamy is not something many Americans are familiarized with. American culture teaches that monogamy, the opposite of polygamy, is the proper, accepted form of marriage. In American culture, having more than one partner in a marriage is often cause for divorce and called cheating.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Novel Things Fall Apart 1435 Words   |  6 Pages ‘’Things Fall Apart’’ novel tries to bring back up cultural, social as well as spiritual basics of traditional Igbo (Ibo) existence from the year 1850 and 1900. The novel cannot be fixed like truthful societal and political old times of Ibo society since it is a work of invented story. However, the novel describes disagreements and apprehensions in Igbo society. It also depicts changes initiated by colonial ruling and Christianity. The author mentions that European colonialism operates as a powerful Read MoreAnalysis Of The Novel Things Fall Apart 1772 Words   |  8 Pages Introduction The novel â€Å"Things Fall Apart† focuses on the colonization history of Igbo, an ethnic group which was crashed by Christian culture. The main character of the novel, Okonkwo, embodied the sufferance of Igbo society as well as the decline of Igbo culture. The novel is written by Chinua Achebe who was born in Nigeria. Achebe lived in an English environment and thus he was proficient in writing English. The novel is written in English regardless of its AfricanRead MoreWork1068 Words   |  5 Pages2013 Things Fall Apart: Character Analysis Research Paper In the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, the main character Okonkwo has only one tragic flaw; he has raised himself so that looking weak or effeminate is the worst thing to him that he could do. Okonkwo is a model clansman based on his success. However, he is more alienated from his culture based on his lack of respect for it. In this research paper, I’ll walk through a character analysis of Okonkwo. The protagonist of Things FallRead MoreThe Struggle Between Tradition and Change1056 Words   |  5 PagesENGL 2112 October 17, 2012 In Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, the reader is taken on a literary journey to a Nigerian tribe, the Umuofia, to experience first-hand the struggles of a warrior named Okonkwo. At first glance, the novel appears to be written for a very specific audience: scholars familiar with Nigerian history, traditions, and culture. However, upon further examination the novel reveals itself to be a striking chronicle of human experiences, universal themes, and timelessRead MoreAnalysis Of Feminism In Things Fall Apart1070 Words   |  5 Pages The analysis of feminist theory in Things Fall Apart presents reason for the sexism that is continuously portrayed. Sexism and problematic gender roles within the novel are repeatedly depicted throughout a number of scenes and characters. With this, we are able to see how sexism exists in various cultures and how the implementation of sexism is detrimental to society. Although, as feminist theory states, rebelling and challenging the patriarchal syste m is necessary to halt gender roles and sexualRead MoreChinua Achebe : The Invention And Mastery Of Modern African Literature1695 Words   |  7 Pagesauthor certainly knows how to create a work of literature that transcends time. Seen expertly in his best selling novel Things Fall Apart Achebe combines narrative techniques to give a voice to the Igbo tribe of Niger, accurately depicting them in a way they never had been before. His use of an evolving narrative view, ethnographic views and neutrality on tough subjects allows this novel to become an instant success and stellar view into previously unexplored cultures. Emeka Aniagolu quotes AfricanRead MoreChinua Achebe : The Invention And Mastery Of Modern African Literature1595 Words   |  7 Pagesauthor certainly knows how to create a work of literature that transcends time. Seen expertly in his best selling novel Things Fall Apart Achebe combines narrative techniques to give a voice to the Igbo tribe of Niger, accurately depicting them in a way they never had been before. His use of an evolving narrative view, ethnographic views and neutrality on tough subjects allows this novel to become an instant success and a great view into previously unexplored cultures. Emeka Aniagolu quotes AfricanRead MoreChinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart: Exploring the Ibo Culture1743 Words   |  7 PagesAchebe’s Things Fall Apart. Things Fall Apart is a 1958 English novel by Nigerian author Chinua Achebe. Achebe is indebted to Yeats for the title as it has been taken from Yeats’ poem The Second Coming. Achebe is a fastidious, skillful artist and garnered more critical attention than any other African writer. His reputation was soon established after his novel Things Fall Apart. He made a considerable influence over young African writers. It is seen as the archetypal modern African novel in EnglishRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1308 Words   |  6 PagesIn Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, the reader is taken on a literary journey to a Nigerian tribe, the Umuofia, to experience first-hand the struggles of a warrior named Okonkwo. At first glance, the novel appears to be written for a very specific audience: scholars familiar with Nigerian history, traditions, and culture. However, upon further examination the novel reveals itself to be a striking chronicle of human experiences, universal t hemes, and timeless struggles that appeal to every humanRead MoreChinua Achebe s Life Of Literature999 Words   |  4 Pages Portfolio Essay: Chinua Achebe Chinua Achebe is a renowned Nigeria novelist lauded for his work in literature. Chinua Achebe has been credited with numerous works of literature ranging from novels to journals. His work cuts across borders, making huge success and accepted globally in the world of literature. Even critics had to accept Chinua Achebe is the greatest our time, such was Charles H Rowell a literary critic issued in Callaloo a reputable

How to Become a Financial Analyst in Your Own Life 2019

I am horrible with the checkbook. I fell into the same trap as many twenty somethings did back in their teens when the credit card companies made them a member of their mass mailing club. I received my Youve been pre approved! envelopes containing persuasive letters from the big guns of the credit world. Visa, MasterCard, and the pro of all marketing ploys: American Express. It is tantalizing to a 16 year old, you spend like the plastic doesnt represent real money, and then you get the bill. Ow, reality hurts. Now I am twenty four and still cleaning up my mess. My credit is shot and despite my carefree outlook on life, I have realized that I need to start learning how to be financially responsible so I can hope to buy a home and be successful with my income in the future. Being your own financial analyst means realizing that what you earn is not necessarily what you can spend. While I am fully supportive of the idea of blowing that first celebratory paycheck at the mall, I do also want to stress that I have learned the importance of savings and cutting out what it is in life that causes expenses that you dont really need. .ud9eeb5365685ba106415cbd594e83c69 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ud9eeb5365685ba106415cbd594e83c69:active, .ud9eeb5365685ba106415cbd594e83c69:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ud9eeb5365685ba106415cbd594e83c69 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ud9eeb5365685ba106415cbd594e83c69 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ud9eeb5365685ba106415cbd594e83c69 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ud9eeb5365685ba106415cbd594e83c69:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Online Degree Options in Health CareA great first step is to find a bank that offers direct savings programs. Many, if not all banks, will set up a joint checking/savings account for you, which automatically deposits a percentage each month from your checking into your savings. It is usually a small enough of an amount that you dont even miss it, and at the same time you have accomplished a brainless way to save money. This can add up, and when you get your monthly statements, you will be pleased to realize that you have managed to save some cash without suffering during the process. Secondly, draw upon your bank statement to make an itemized list of what you spend your money on each month. What will you simply die without and what can you manage to kiss goodbye? A night out at the movies is an average of $9.50 per person. Blockbuster is 4 bucks. Which movies can you turn away from until they arrive onto DVD? A meal out can average anywhere from $4 for a fast food lunch to $15-20 a person for a median priced sit down. Grocery shopping and cooking at home saves the average family more than you probably realized. And you hone a new skill at the same time. .uaad82e27580a8ff46904b1036db5de39 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .uaad82e27580a8ff46904b1036db5de39:active, .uaad82e27580a8ff46904b1036db5de39:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .uaad82e27580a8ff46904b1036db5de39 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .uaad82e27580a8ff46904b1036db5de39 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .uaad82e27580a8ff46904b1036db5de39 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .uaad82e27580a8ff46904b1036db5de39:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Colleges and Universities in Guam Pursuing Online Education in GuamNext make a budget and consider it the unbreakable law. Find out how much you are able to spend save, and stick to it! Dont impulse buy. Walk away for a few hours from items that you see, and then come back to the situation later on to decide if you really do want to purchase it. Surprisingly, you will find that there are many things you dont really want or need. Lastly, consider hiring a real financial analyst to help you take the steps to become your own. Though costly, they are a money saver in the long run. Do what you need to do to achieve self control. You will thank yourself later. It is easier than you think to financially analyze your own situation. Everyone has the opportunity to be successful in money and in life. Give yourself the chance that you deserve. .u00a15324d07533103b6fd2e5bef18c34 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u00a15324d07533103b6fd2e5bef18c34:active, .u00a15324d07533103b6fd2e5bef18c34:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u00a15324d07533103b6fd2e5bef18c34 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u00a15324d07533103b6fd2e5bef18c34 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u00a15324d07533103b6fd2e5bef18c34 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u00a15324d07533103b6fd2e5bef18c34:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Bachelor of Arts in Organizational Management Teaching People Skills for Effective Management Related ArticlesLife is the Best Financial Planning EducationOnline Degree Programs The Pros and Cons of Enrolling in Higher Education through Distance ProgramsHeroes of The Information Technology BusinessAA Business Watch Out for these Common Degree ScamsA Career in Accounting Can Really Add UpFinancial Planning a Worthwhile Career

Analysis Of The Book The Point Of View - 1030 Words

The point of view helps the reader or audience understand each characters thoughts and also helps the reader understand every characters dreams throughout the play. 3. Plot Structure a. Exposition- This play starts out with the Youngers nervously waiting for Mama’s $10,000 check to arrive. She inherited this because of the death of her husband, Big Walter. Everybody wants this money for different reasons, but Walter has his mind set on using it to open up a liquor store with Willy Harris. b. Inciting Incident- When the check comes, they don’t know what to do with it since everybody has their own idea on how to spend the money. c. Events contributing to rising action- Ruth finds out she is pregnant and goes to the doctor to get an abortion. When Mama tells Walter she will not give him money for the liquor store, Walter looses it and storms out the house. He starts to drink and doesn’t come home for a few days. Mama decides to buy a house in Clybourne Park. She gives Walter the left over money and tells him to put some of it away for Beneatha’s medical school. Karl Linder tells them that it is better if they don’t move in this neighborhood because it was a white neighborhood. He made them a deal, but they didn’t accept it. They later find out that Willy had betrayed Walter as he took all the money for himself. They were all devastated that they lost all the money including Beneatha’s money for school since Walter never put some of it away for her. d. Climax (Crisis/turningShow MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis Of Rita Hayworths Shawshanks Redemption 1362 Words   |  6 PagesPARAGRAPH 2 SOP: WOULD YOU RECOMMEND THIS BOOK TO A FRIEND? 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In a total of twelve chapters, the Central Michigan University professor discusses the role that women played in the first fifteen hundred years of Christianity and she disputes the contention

Manangement Accounting 1 Free Essays

I hereby declare that the work in this assignment is my own except for quotations and summaries which have been duly acknowledged. __________________________________________ Name : SANTIRIKA A/P G. VEERAN Matrix No : 861109355388001 Date : 7 MARCH 2013 i ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express my greatest gratitude to the people who have helped and supported me throughout my assignment. We will write a custom essay sample on Manangement Accounting 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am equally grateful to my TUTOR: IZDIHAR B. BAHRIN @ MD. DAUD and E-TUTOR: BALDEV SINGH A/L PERTAB SINGH for his continuous support for the assignment. He gave me moral support and guided me in different matters regarding the topic. He had been very kind and patient while suggesting me the outlines of this assignment and correcting my doubts. I thank him for his overall supports. A special thank of mine goes to my colleague who helped me in completing the assignment exchanged their interesting ideas, thoughts, made this assignment easy and accurate. I wish to thank my parents for their undivided support and interest who inspired me and encouraged me to go my own way, without whom I would be unable to complete my assignment. At last but not the least I want to thank my friends who appreciated me for my work and motivated me and finally to God who made all the things possible. ii TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGMENT ii |1. |INTRODUCTION ON THE COMPANY |6-12 | | |Introducing Dutch Lady | | | |Company Profile | | | |Corporate Vision | | | Corporate Mission | | | |SWOT ANALYSIS | | | |The Management Team Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad | | | |The Board of Directors Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad | | | |1. 1. 8 Brand products | | |2. |EXPLANATION OF THE FEATURES OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING INFORMATION |13-16 | | |Relevant | | | |Understandable | | | |Timely | | | |Comparable | | | |Reliable | | | |Complete | | |3. |ASSESSMENT OF ‘RELEVANT’ ACCOUNTING INFORMATION OVER THE TWO YEARS |17-18 | | |3. 1. 1 Financing | | | |3. 1. 2 Budgeting | | | |3. 1. 3 Inventories | | | |3. 1. 4 Growth | | |4. 0 |ASSESSMENT OF‘COMPARABLE’ ACCOUNTING INFORMATION OVER THE TWO YEARS |19-23 | | |4. 1. Comparable Statement of Financial position at 31 December 2010 | | | |4. 1. 2 Comparable Statement of Comprehensive income for the year ended 31 December 2009 and 2010 | | | |4. 1. 3 Comparable Statement of Change in equity for the year ended 31 December 2010 | | | |4. 1. 4 Comparison between cash Flow of Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad | | |5. 0 |SUMMARY |24 | |6. |REFERENCES |25 | [pic] 1. 0 INTRODUCTION ON THE COMPANY 1. 1. 1 Introducing Dutch Lady For generations, we at Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad have made it our business to supply quality dairy and infant nutrition products to the nation. Today Dutch Lady Malaysia ranks as the leading dairy producer in Malaysia. Generations of Malaysians have grown up on Dutch Lady dairy products. Remember that indispensable carton of Dutch Lady UHT Chocolate Milk that you always carried to school for recess time. Well, today a brand new generation of young consumers is spoilt for choice with our extensive new range of growing u p milk products. Dutch Lady 123 and 456 not only come enhanced with TT-Ratio Advance to aid in expanding your child’s attention span for better learning experience, it is also now fortified with 5 x DHA that is proven to aid in brain development. This range, together with Dutch Lady 6+ Growing up Milk, comes in the usual vanilla, honey and chocolate flavors’ that children enjoy most. While Dutch Lady Malaysia first established itself as a manufacturer of sweetened condensed milk, Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad’s extensive product range now spans from infant formula and growing up milk to fruit juice and yoghurt snacks. Every product innovation in our rapidly developing infant and child formula range is backed by extensive research both locally and internationally. Royal FrieslandCampina, our parent company in the Netherlands, is constantly funding efforts to investigate and discover ways to take your little one’s nutrition to the next level. The Dutch Lady range also extends far beyond familiar flagship products such as Dutch Lady UHT milk or Dutch Lady 123. Other delicious items from our company that may have found their way into your snack break at work – or even dessert at your favorite restaurant include JOY fruit juices, and the Low and 0% fat eating and drinking yoghurt range. The latter, in particular, represent Dutch Lady’s constant efforts to develop an increasing variety of enjoyable dairy-based treats for the entire family. It is quality products like these, created to meet discerning taste buds like yours that make Dutch Lady a leader and one of the nation’s most trusted names in dairy products. Read on and find out more about how we’ve spent more than 50 great years in Malaysia, growing up with the nation and helping the nation to grow up healthy. http://www. dutchlady. com. my/en/home. asp? page=privacysubpage=privacy_policy Retrieved: 23 February 2013 (3. 00pm) 1. 1. 2 Company Profile [pic] Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad (â€Å"Dutch Lady Malaysia†) is a leader in the quality branded dairy business in Malaysia. It was incorporated in 1963, and was the first milk company in Malaysia to be listed on Bursa Malaysia, the local Stock Exchange in 1968. Its holding company is Royal FrieslandCampina, a Dutch multinational corporation and one of the largest milk companies in the world. Permodalan Nasional Berhad is the second largest shareholder in the Company. Dutch Lady Malaysia manufactures and sells a wide range of quality dairy products and fruit juices for the home and export market such as Infant Formula, Growing-up Milk, Powdered Milk, Condensed Milk, UHT Milk, Sterilised Milk, Pasteurised Milk, Cultured Milk, Yoghurt and Fruit Juice Drinks. The Company’s dairy products have a strong consumer following and are represented by strong brands such as Dutch Lady, Frisolac, Friso, Completa, Omela and Joy. The Company believes in product innovation and is well supported by its holding company, Royal FrieslandCampina. The Company constantly strives to improve its processes in order to deliver nutritious products of high quality to its consumers. It was the first company in the world to introduce a growing up milk powder specifically formulated for children from ages one to three. These products are currently marketed in Malaysia as Dutch Lady 123 and Dutch Lady 456. Besides supporting local industries by using substantial amount of local ingredients in its products, Dutch Lady Malaysia is also the largest purchaser of local fresh milk from the Veterinary Services Department. This is done via the Company’s Dairy Development Programme, carried out in collaboration with the DVS with the assistance of the Netherlands Embassy. The quality of the Company’s products is paramount. Quality Control and Quality Assurance are prime considerations. In line with this, the Company has continually been accredited with ISO 9001 certification since 1995. Strong emphasis is also placed on food safety with HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) System covering all its plants. In addition, the Company also has in place ISO 14001 Environment Management System and OHSAS 18001 (Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series). The Company’s products are all halal-certified. Dutch Lady Malaysia’s annual revenue in 2009 is RM692 million. The Company’s factory is located in Petaling Jaya and it employs 600 Malaysians. Currently, Dutch Lady Malaysia is the market leader in key milk categories such as UHT milk, Sterilised milk and Growing-Up Milk. In addition to Dutch Lady Malaysia, Royal FrieslandCampina has three other companies in Malaysia, namely FrieslandCampina Business Development Unit, CPI Sdn Bhd, a regional operational headquarters, FrieslandCampina Service Centre Asia Pacific Sdn Bhd, an MSC-certified SAP competence centre and FrieslandCampina Domo Asia, a sales representative office for its ingredients business. Royal FrieslandCampina is a multinational that produces and markets natural, nutritious and high-quality dairy products and ingredients. Taste, health, convenience and reliability are key characteristics. Based on the figures of 2008, FrieslandCampina’s annual revenue amounts to 9. 5 billion euros. The company employs 21,000 people and has about 100 production and sales locations in 25 different countries. FrieslandCampina organises its activities into four business groups: Consumer Products Europe, Consumer Products International, Cheese Butter and Ingredients. The product range consists of consumer milk, milk in powder and concentrated form, dairy drinks, yoghurts, desserts, cream, coffee creamers, baby and infant food, cheese, butter and ingredients. Its most important brands are Campina, Chocomel, Completa, Dutch Lady, Frisian Flag, Foremost, Betagen, Friesche Vlag, Fruttis, Fristi, Vifit, Landliebe, Milli, Mona, Optimel, Optiwell, Puddis, Pottyos, Fruttis, NoyNoy, Peak, Rainbow, Yazoo, Appelsientje, DubbelFrisss, CoolBest, Debic, Frico, Milner, Buttergold, Valess, DMV, Kievit, Domo, Creamy Creation and Nutrifeed. The business is based on a cooperative model. The 16,000 member dairy farmers of Zuivelcooperatie FrieslandCampina are the owners and the suppliers of the milk. †¢ http://www. dutchlady. com. my/en/home. asp? page=privacysubpage=privacy_policy Retrieved: 23 February 2012 (3. 00pm) 1. 1. 3 Corporate Vision ? To further strengthen our position as the leading dairy company, driving growth. 1. 1. 4 Corporate Mission ? Helping Malaysians move forward in life with trusted dairy nutrition. 1. 15 SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS |WEAKNESSES | |The strong foundation and reputation from Greenfield shops |Has not yet fully exploited the role of retailers | |The intimate relationship with retailers |Retailer’s nutritional knowledge is limited | |Positive response from retailers |Lack of long-term strategy | |Closely link with Vietnamese shopping culture |Focus more on sales rather than images | |A preferred POP for shoppers |Not yet established a remarkable and standardized identity | |OPPORTUNITIES |THREATS | |Build a sustainable business relationship with retailers |Development of modern channels. |Utilize retailers to convey DLV image |Government’s open-door policy | |Encourage shoppers to switch brands |Fierce competition | |Reinforce DL shops image and performance |Shoppers and retailers are becoming more sophisticated and less loyal| 1. 1. 6 The Management Team Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad [pic] †¢ http://www. dutchlady. com. my/en/home. asp? page=privacysubpage=privacy_policy Retrieved: 23 February 2013 (3. 00pm) 1. 1. 7 The Board of Directors Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad [pic ] | |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | | |[pic] | http://www. dutchlady. com. my/en/home. asp? page=privacysubpage=privacy_policy Retrieved: 23 February 2013 (3. 00pm). 1. 1. 8 Brand products [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] http://www. dutchlady. com. my/en/home. asp? age=privacysubpage=privacy_policy Retrieved: 23 February 2013 (3. 00pm) 2. Explanation of the features of management accounting information There is general agreement that, before it can be regarded as useful in satisfying the needs of various user groups, accounting information should satisfy the following criteria: 1. Relevant That definition of relevance is more explicit than the dictionary meaning of relevance as bearing on or relating to the matter in hand. As alluded to earlier, prior knowledge of information may diminish its value but not its relevance and, hence, its usefulness, for it is information’s ability to â€Å"make a difference† that makes it relevant to a decision. To be relevant to investors, creditors, and others for investment, credit, and similar decisions, accounting information must be capable of making a difference in a decision by helping users to form predictions about the outcomes of past, present, and future events or to confirm or correct expectations† Statements about relevance of financial statement information must answer the question â€Å"relevant to whom for what purpose? † For information to be judged relevant, an object to which it is relevant must always be understood: Predictive Value And Feedback Value – To be relevant, information must have predictive value or feedback value or both. Information can make a difference to decisions by improving decision makers’ capacities to predict or by confirming or correcting their earlier expectations. Usually, information does both at once, because knowledge about the outcome of actions already taken will generally improve decision makers’ abilities to predict the results of similar future actions. Without knowledge of the past, the basis for a prediction will usually be lacking. Without an interest in the future, knowledge of the past is sterile. To say that accounting information has predictive value is not to say that in itself it constitutes a prediction. Timeliness – To be relevant, information also must be timely. Timeliness means â€Å"having information available to a decision maker before it loses its capacity to influence decisions†. Information that is not available when it is needed or becomes available only long after it has value for future action is useless. 2. understandable For accounting and financial information to be useful, it must be presentable in a format that the users of accounting information understand. Accounting is a medium of communicating financial information about the affairs of a business. Therefore, accounting information should pass the basic tests or requirements of a normal communication medium. Basics in communication dictate that if the message being transmitted by the sender to the receiver is not understood, then no communication has taken place. Accounting information must be understandable by its target users if meaning is to be gleaned from it. It must also be understandable if accounting information is to be useful in supporting decisions made by users of accounting information. 3. Timely Information which is relevant and reliable and which passes the materiality test may lose its relevance if there is undue delay in it being reported. Thus, the time available to gather and report financial information is a constraint on providing relevant information. There may, on occasion, be a need to weigh the relative merits of timely reporting and the provision of relevant and reliable financial information. Application of the reporting period convention can often lead to the need to report before all aspects of a transaction or event are known. This can limit the availability of relevant information and have an impact upon reliability. Conversely, reporting is delayed until all facts are known this may be too late for users who have to make decisions in the interim. The need for timely reporting raises questions for standard-setters, preparers, auditors and regulators about the desirable frequency of general purpose financial reporting and the length of time that ought to be allowed to elapse between the reporting date and the date when general purpose financial reports are made available to users. 4. Comparable Comparing alternative investment or lending opportunities is an essential part of most, if not all, investment or lending decisions. Investors and creditors need financial reporting information that is comparable, both for single enterprises over time and between enterprises at the same time. Comparability is a quality of the relationship between two or more pieces of information â€Å"the quality of information that enables users to identify similarities in and differences between two sets of economic phenomena† . Comparability is achieved if similar transactions and other events and circumstances are accounted for similarly and different transactions and other events and circumstances are accounted for differently. Comparability has been the subject of much disagreement among accountants. Some have argued that enterprises and their circumstances are so different from one another that comparability between enterprises is an illusory goal, and to include it as an aim of financial reporting is to promise to investors and creditors something that ultimately cannot be delivered. In that view, the best that can be hoped for is that individual enterprises will use their chosen accounting procedures consistently over time to permit comparisons with other enterprises and those honorable auditors will be able to attest to the consistent application of â€Å"generally accepted accounting principles† Today, with the objectives of financial reporting focused on decision making, comparability is one of the most essential and desirable qualities of accounting information. Investors and creditors can no longer be expected to tolerate blanket claims of differences in circumstances to justify undue use of alternative accounting procedures. Only actual differences in transactions and other events and circumstances warrant different accounting. 5. Reliable The accounting information presented in financial statements should be reliable. For example, the accounts should make a faithful representation of the business affairs. Accountants and the business should not attempt to mislead users or to deliberately ignore or omit certain information from the accounts if users are going to make informed decisions. Reliability is the quality of information that permits users to depend on it with confidence. This means it is verifiable, has faithful representation, and is reasonably free of errors and bias. Representational faithfulness refers to correspondence or agreement between a measure or description and the phenomenon that it purports to represent. That means the numbers and descriptions represent what really existed or happened. Verifiability refers to the ability, through consensus among measurers, to ensure that information represents what it purports to represent or that the chosen method of measurement has been used without error or bias. Neutrality means that, in formulating or implementing standards, the primary concern should be the relevance and reliability of the information and the information cannot be selected to favor one set of decision makers over another. 2. 1. 6 Complete Completeness of information is an important aspect of representational faithfulness, and thus of reliability, because if financial statements are to faithfully represent an enterprise’s financial position and changes in financial position, none of the significant financial functions of the enterprise or its relationships can be lost or distorted. Completeness is defined as â€Å"the inclusion in reported information of everything material that is necessary for faithful representation of the relevant phenomena†. Financial statements are incomplete, and therefore not representational faithful, if, for example, an enterprise owns an office structure but reports no â€Å"building† or similar asset on its balance sheet. Although completeness implies showing what is material and feasible, it must always be relative. Financial statements cannot show everything or they would be prohibitively expensive to provide. http://www. google. com. my/search? sourceid=navclientaq=3oq=Management+accounting Retrieved: 23 February 2013 (3. 00pm) 3. Assessment of ‘relevant’ accounting information over the two years. 3. 1. 1 Financing Accounting data is used by your company and potential investors to determine funding needs for the organization. Your company analyzes revenue to determine how much money would be available to fund upcoming projects. If there is a gap in revenue, then you know that you need to seek out funding. Potential investors and lenders look at your assets and liabilities to determine if your company is a safe investment or not. For example: â€Å"For the purposes of these financial statements, parties are considered to be related to the Company if the Company has the ability, directly or indirectly, to control the party or exercise significant influence over the party in making financial and operating decisions, or vice versa, or where the Company and the party are subject to common control or common significant influence. Related parties may be individuals or other entities. Key management personnel are defined as those persons having authority and responsibility for planning, directing and controlling the activities of the Company either directly or indirectly. The key management personnel include all the Directors of the Company, and members of senior management of the Company. † http://www. dutchlady. com. my/sharedfiles/financial/files/DL_AnnualReport_2009 2010. pdf Retrieved: 1 March 2013 (10. 00pm) 3. 1. 2 Budgeting The constant flow of accounting data relevant to income, purchases, investments and overhead is critical in creating the budget for the coming year. The information gathered by the accounting department is used as a baseline to gauge actual performance for the year and understand the basic costs of company operations. Sales projections for the next fiscal year are added to the accounting data to create the company’s budgets. 3. 1. 3 Inventory Maintaining proper inventory levels is important in keeping track of assets and income as inventory gets purchased, stored in the warehouse and then sold to clients. The accounting department keeps a close eye on the cost of incoming inventory, how much it costs to finance that inventory until it is sold and the income realized when the product is sold to a customer. All of that information is relevant to determining how profitable your organization is and where changes can be made to lower the costs of inventory. For example:†Inventories are measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value. The cost of inventories is measured based on the first-in first-out principle and includes expenditure incurred in acquiring the inventories, production or conversion costs and other costs incurred in bringing them to their existing location and condition. In the case of finished goods, cost includes an appropriate share of production overheads based on normal operating capacity. Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale. † http://www. dutchlady. com. my/sharedfiles/financial/files/DL_AnnualReport_2009 2010. pdf Retrieved: 1 March 2013 (10. 00pm) 3. 1. 4 Growth Company growth is carefully outlined in the organizational business plan. When the company plans its growth, it first looks at historical accounting data to determine trends in revenue production and understand how the company spends money. Accounting information is critical in determining how much the company can take on in liabilities and costs as it tries to make the right decisions on how to expand profitability. For example : â€Å"No contingent liability or other liability of the Company has become enforceable, or is likely to become enforceable within the period of twelve months after the end of the financial year which, in the opinion of the Directors, will or may substantially affect the ability of the Company to meet its obligations as and when they fall due. In the opinion of the Directors, except for the impairment loss on property, plant and equipment of RM12, 308,000 as disclosed in the Note 12 to the financial statements, the financial performance of the Company for the year ended 31 December 2010 have not been substantially affected by any item, transaction or event of a material and unusual nature nor has any such item, transaction or event occurred in the interval between the end of that financial year and the date of this report. † http://www. dutchlady. com. my/sharedfiles/financial/files/DL_AnnualReport_2009 2010. pdf Retrieved: 1 March 2013 (10. 00pm) 4. Assessment of ‘comparable’ accounting information over the two years. 4. 1. 1 Comparable Statement of Financial position at 31 December 2010 Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad | Statement Of Financial Position at 31 December 2010 | | | | | | | |31. 12. 2010 |31. 12. 2009 |1. 1. 009 | | |RM’000 |RM’000 |RM’000 | | | |Restated |Restated | | Assets | | | | |Property, plant and equipment |69,803 |82,327 |61,334 | |Intangible assets |3,443 |4,879 |5,664 | | |   |    | | |73,246 |87,206 |66,998 | | | | | | |Total non-current assets | | | | |Inventories |72,722 |57,552 |74,902 | |Trade and other receivables |75,176 |94,369 |122,858 | |Prepayments |689 |131 |20 | |Cash and cash equivalents |85,657 | 4 1 ,732 |23,792 | |Total current assets |234,244 |193,784 |221,572 | |Total assets |307,490 |280,990 |288,570 | | | | | | |EQUITY | | | | |Share capital |64,000 |64,000 |64,000 | |Retained profits |133,472 |115,985 |97,585 | |Total equity |197,472 |179,985 |161 ,585 | | |   |   |   | |Liabilities | | | | |Deferred tax liabilities |3,757 | 4,1 5 0 |2,300 | |Total non-current liabilities |3,757 | 4,1 5 0 |2,300 | | | | | | |Total non-current liabilities | | | | |Trade and other payables |99,638 |91,905 |120,080 | |Provision |348 |283 |247 | |Current tax liabilities |6,275 |4,667 |4,358 | |    |   |   | | |106,261 | 96,855 |124,685 | | |110,018 |101,005 |126,985 | | |307,490 |280,990 |288,570 | 4. 1. 2 Comparable Statement of Comprehensive income for the year ended 31 December Comprehensive income is the change in equity (net assets) of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. The statement of comprehensive income illustrates the financial performance and results of operations of a particular company or entity for a period of time. 2009 and 2010 Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad Statement Of Comprehensive income for the year ended 31 December 2010 | | | | | | |2010 |2009 | | |RM’000 |RM’000 | | | | | |Revenue |710,588 |691,847 | |Cost of sales |(447,961) |(462,51) | |GROSS PROFIT |262,627 |229,337 | |Other income |1,147 |1,561 | |Distribution expenses |(106,091) |(98,697) |Administrative Expenses |(22,657) |(19,048) | |Other expenses |(45,805) |(31,122) | | | | | |Result From Operating Activities |89,221 |82 ,031 | |Interest income |883 |451 | |Finance Costs |- |(1) | | |90,104 |82,481 | | | | | |Income Tax expenses |(26,217) |(22,081) | |PROFIT FOR THE YEAR |63,887 |60,400 | |OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME |- |- | |TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE FOR THE YEAR |63,887 |60,400 | |BASIC EARNINGS PER ORDINARY SHARE (SEN) |99. 80 |94. 40 | EARNINGS PER ORDINARY SHARE Basic earnings per ordinary share:- The calculation of basic earnings per ordinary share at 31 December 2010 was based on the profit attributable to ordinary shareholders and a weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding, calculated as follows: 2009 RM’000 Profit for the year =60,400 Weighted average number of ordinary shares of RM1 each in issue (‘000) = 64,000 Basic earnings per share (sen) = 94. 40 2010 RM’000 Profit for the year =63,887 Weighted average number of ordinary shares of RM1 each in issue (‘000) =64,000 Basic earnings per share (sen) = 99. 80 4. 1. 3 Comparable Statement of Change in equity for the year ended 31 December 2010 Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad Statement of Change in equity for the year ended 31 December 2010 | | | |Distributable | | | |Share Capital |Retained |Total equity | | | |Profit | | | |RM’000 |RM’000 |RM’000 | |At 1 January 2009 |64,000 |97,585 |161,585 | |Total comprehensive income for the year | – |60,400 |60,400 | |Dividends to owners of the Company | –   | (42,000) | (42,000) | | | | | | |At 31 December 2009/ 1 January 2010 |64,000 |115,985 |179,985 | |Total comprehensive income for the year |- |63,887 |63,887 | |Dividends to owners of the Company |-   | (46,400) | (46,400) | | |64,000 |133,472 |197,472 | 4. 1. 4 Comparison between cash Flow of Dutch Lady Milk Industries Berhad Net cash provided from operation activities: In 2010, net cash generated from operation activities is RM98, 389,000 but in 2009, net cash generated from operation activities is RM89, 377,000 which indicates net cash provided from operation activities is increased from 2009 to 2010 and it can be good sign. Because the most important category of cash flow is operating activity and it reflects the day to day operation that determine the future of an organisation. Cash flow operating activities should be main source of cash. Net cash used in investing activities: Net cash used in investing has increased from 2009 to 2010. For 2009 ,this amount is RM29,436,000 but for 2010 ,this amount is RM8064,000 which indicates company has gain more long-term asset in 2009. Net cash used in financing activities: For 2010, this amount is RM46, 4000,000 and for 2009 this amount is RM42, 001,000 it indicates that in 2010, company paid more interest and dividend in comparison with 2009. Generally, cash and cash equivalent has increased from 2009 to 2010 by RM43, 925,000. Cash flow of Dutch Lady Milk Berhad is healthy because main source of cash is operation activity and investing activities did not create cash which indicate company did not sell of its long-term assets. Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents included in the statement of cash flow comprise the following statement of financial position amounts:- 010 2009 RM ‘000 RM’000 Cash at bank and on hand 46657 23,732 Deposits placed with a licensed bank 39000 18000 |85,657 41,732 | | | 5. SUMMARY A financial statement can be well defined as a formal record of any business’, individual, or entity’s financial activities. All the important information of a business e nterprise is presented in the financial statements as these are easy to understand because of their structured presentation. These statements might, however, get complex for large corporations and might also include a wide-ranging set of notes to financial statements explaining about the financial policies, management discussion, and analysis. The main aim of financial statements is providing info about the financial position, performance, and variations in the financial position of a business enterprise. The financial statements of any business entity should be relevant, understandable, reliable, and comparable. An understandable financial statement helps business entity’s stakeholders to get reasonable knowledge about the business and its economic activities. As far as financial statements are easy to understand, this helps investors to make investment decisions in the company From a management accounting point of view the primary purpose of management is to make decisions that may be classified as marketing, production, and financial. The tactical decisions which must be preceded by strategic decisions provide the historical data from which the accountant prepares financial statements. In addition to being statements summarizing historical transactions, financial statements may be regarded as a descriptive model for decision making. Every item or element on the financial statements is the result of a decision or decisions. For each decision, there exists a management accounting tool that may be used to make a good decision. However, the management accounting tools can be used only if the management accountant is successful in providing the information demanded by the particular tool. 6. REFERENCES OUM Module March 2011, BBFA2203 ( INTERMEDIATE FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING 1 Topic 4) Retrieved: 20 February 2013 (11. 45am) †¢ http://www. dutchlady. com. my/en/home. asp? page=privacysubpage=privacy_policy Retrieved: 23February 2013 (3. 00pm) †¢ http://tutor2u. net/business/accounts/accounting_information_characteri stics. htm Retrieved: 23 February 2013 (3. 00pm) †¢ http://www. readyratios. com/reference/accounting/financial_statement. html Retrieved: 23 February 2013 (3. 00pm) †¢ http://www. bookkeeping-financial-accounting-resources. com/accounting-information. html Retrieved: 25 February 2013 (9. 10pm) †¢ http://www. dutchlady. com. my/sharedfiles/financial/files/DL_AnnualReport_2009. pdf Retrieved: 1 March 2013 (10. 00pm) How to cite Manangement Accounting 1, Essay examples

Pax Mongolica and Ibn Batutta Essay Sample free essay sample

Our universe has been mostly shaped by audacious adventurers and travellers who dared the unknown and the unfamiliar to enlarge our cognition of the universe. Much of our political and cultural history was defined by adventurers at a clip when the universe was much bigger than it is today. One of these travellers is Ibn Battuta. a celebrated Muslim traveller in the 14th century. Ibn Battuta was born four old ages into the 14th century. He was born in Tangier. Morocco from a comfortable Islamic household. As a Muslim. the desire to go to the Holy City of Mecca was ingrained in Ibn Battuta. When he was 21 old ages old. Ibn Battuta so took the hajj pilgrims journey of some three thousand stat mis to make Mecca. During this pilgrims journey. Batutta became captivated by the sights and sounds that he experienced. Ibn Batutta was neer the same since so and on the route. he found his true naming at last. Batutta decided to go forth behind his preparation as a justice and Islamic bookman and to give his full life to going. vowing to go merely to Muslim topographic points and to neer take the same way twice. ( Dunn 2004. 9 ) Ibn Batutta is likely the most celebrated Muslim traveller and adventurer. His journeys straddled a period of three decennaries. and covered a distance of over a 100 1000 kilometres. His travels took him to three continents. Africa. Asia. and Europe. covering every known Muslim state at that clip. The travels of Marco Polo. Ibn Batutta’s more popular coeval. were much lesser in range and magnitude. All histories of Ibn Battuta’s travels were documented by another bookman. Ibn Juzayy. Juzayy’s certification along with personal memoirs from Batutta himself remains the primary beginning of Batutta’s noteworthy narrative of geographic expedition and find. Batutta’s travel narratives have been compiled in a individual volume known as Rihla. which means journey in English. The Rihla is likely one of the most thorough beginnings of the Muslim universe in the 14th century ( Dunn 2004. 10 ) . The Rihla contains first-hand histories from Ibn Batutta himself. interspersed with some fictional elements to do it more interesting. Ibn Battuta first geographic expedition lasted twenty old ages. His first path was the oil-rich lands of the Middle East. traveling to Saudi Arabia and saw the relics of the ancient civilisations in Iran and Iraq. After some five old ages. Ibn Batutta so went to the land of Africa and so instantly proceeded to India. In India he stayed for about a decennary before go forthing for China. From China he returned place and stayed place in Morocco for three old ages. after which. he left once more for his 2nd moving ridge of geographic expedition. ( Dunn 2004. 16 ) . It might be said that Ibn Batutta lived in an auspicious clip. The fortunes of the universe when he was born made it an ideal clip for travel. When Batutta was born. the Mongols ruled Persia and most of Central Asia. At that clip. the Mongol swayers were change overing to the Muslim religion. ( Dunn 2004. 11 ) As such. Ibn Batutta grew up at a clip when the Mongols provided protection for the Muslims and gave them safe transition all throughout the imperium. Ibn Batutta travelled under the protections of the Islam faith. He was non identified as a Moroccan. but as a Muslim looking to rent the universe of the Islamic people. advancing peace and integrity among brothers of the religion. The Mongolian Empire that dominated the thirteenth and 14th century was able to set up some sense of peace and stableness in all countries of their rule. largely in Eurasia. While by and large considered as barbaric. the ruthless and oftentimes cruel Mongol soldiers succeeded in uniting a big swath of land that has long been pine awaying in struggle and economic depression. At the tallness of the Mongol Empire. its rule covered the largest immediate district in history. It was spearheaded by Temujin. who in 1206 ascended the Mongol throne. Under his leading. the Mongols were united and began their quest to occupy adjacent lands. The strength and pitilessness of the Mongols easy cut into Eurasia. By the early 15th century. after two centuries of conquering. the Mongol imperium ruled over a district that covers about 25 per centum of the world’s entire land country. ( Dunn 2004. 18 ) . Scholars refer to this period of peace and stableness all throughout the Mongolian Empire as Pax Mongolica. based on the construct of Pax Romana. Pax Mongolica gave a renewed revival of trade along the Silk Road. This reclamation of growing and development of Silk Road commercialism under Pax Mongolica was chiefly a consequence of the safe travel conditions that the Mongols provided for its citizens. Protection from force and offense encouraged more people to take to the route and explore. The trade paths along the Silk Road resulted in the exchange of thoughts and civilization among its participants. This exposure to different civilizations accelerated the cultural development of the participants. with each one affecting and enriching the other. Safe transition. This was the chief status that allowed Ibn Batutta to go and research. Under Pax Mongolica. Ibn Batutta was able to travel from one Muslim topographic point to another without any menace of injury. Under the Mongols. it was purely prohibited to steal and damage private belongings. From terminal to stop of the Mongolian Empire. felons and stealers were punished. and everyplace. people upheld the Mongol jurisprudence. A applaudable trait of the Mongols was their tolerance for all sorts of spiritual patterns. Religious prosecution was expressly outlawed. and rough penalty will be fleetly given to those found guilty of such. ( Dunn 2004. 15 ) The rule of the Mongol Empire was purely governed by a codification of jurisprudence that was designed Genghis Khan. which reflected his liberalism and tolerance for other civilizations. This tolerance may hold been mostly a astute military maneuver as he was able to be in good footings with different leaders of the Muslim universe. Genghis Khan’s codification of jurisprudence imposed rough penalties to those found guilty of interrupting its commissariats. As a consequence. there was stiff subject all across the Mongol Empire that made their districts highly safe and well-organized. Dunn therefore describes Pax Mongolica. The conditions of order and security that attended the Pax Mongolica of the ulterior thirteenth and early 14th centuries gave freer drama than of all time to the motion of Muslims back and forth across Eurasia. ( 2004. 11 ) It was in these conditions that Ibn Batutta set out on his journeys. Ibn Batutta made his singular travels during the ulterior portion of Pax Mongolica. Harmonizing to Dunn. Ibn Batutta was able to go under the pretense of four different individualities. First Batutta was a pious Islam who traveled to the Muslim Holy Land of Mecca and Medina. Second. Batutta travelled as a bookman. who went from topographic point to topographic point. prosecuting in erudite and philosophical conversations among the people he finds company with. Third. Batutta travelled as a fan of Mystical Islam or Sufism. and he went to topographic points of celebrated mystics to inquire for counsel and have their approvals. Last. Batutta travelled for leisure and cultural instruction. ( 2004. 11 ) Having been born to an flush household. Batutta belonged to the elite in society who can afford to go for travel’s interest. To ease trade and commercialism and communicating in the huge Mongol Empire. the swayers invested to a great extent on edifice roads and developing a sophisticated mailing system. Travelers were non merely assured of safety. they were besides given commissariats to stay in contact with their loved 1s back place. For Ibn Batutta. this allowed him to be invariably in touch with the people he has met in all his travels every bit good as to the people at place who awaited updates and histories of his travel. It may be said that Pax Mongolia was a consequence of economic and commercial concerns. The Mongols regarded their economic dealingss with adjacent states because they recognized that this was the lone manner to keep peace across the imperium. Peoples who lived in prosperity and peace are less likely to take up weaponries and Rebel. For the Mongols. to promote trade was one of the best ways to protect the imperium it has fought so difficult to set up. Pax Mongolica was a consequence of the demand to merchandise and merchandise necessitated Pax Mongolica. As such. Pax Mongolica facilitated all manners of cultural and economic exchanges from terminal to stop of the huge imperium. Of class a treatment of Ibn Batutta and Pax Monglica would non be complete without undertaking the bubonic pestilence that may hold really good signaled the terminal of the Mongol Empire. The safe transition and protection for travellers along the Silk Road and in and out of Islamic states that allowed Ibn Batutta to research the Muslim universe besides served as vectors for all sorts of diseases. Fortunately for Batutta. he was able to return to Morocco before the oncoming of the bubonic pestilence. Traveling by Dunn’s history. the pestilence started in the bosom of the Mongolian imperium. among the pastoral husbandmans of Central Asia. In 1331 the disease spread outward along the trade paths ( 2004. 271 ) . As Asia smartly traded with European states. merchandisers and travellers exchanged non merely goods and stuffs. the trade paths along the Silk Road resulted in the exchange of thoughts and civilization among its participants. This exposure to different civilizations acce lerated the cultural development of the participants. with each one affecting and enriching the other. The trade routes that Pax Mongolica protected allowed more and more people to take part in trade and commercialism. However. this flourishing of the trade path besides facilitated the spread of diseases. Among the deadliest of these diseases was the bubonic pestilence that swept Eurasia. killing about half of the full population. This pandemic known as the Black Plague killed more people than all of the old wars combined. The Black Plague sliced thorough Europe and Asia. go forthing a trail of some 75 million people dead. The bubonic pestilence came from Asia and spread to Europe along the trade path. It was this really trade path ; the Sellerss and purchasers who were responsible for the spread and development of civilization. were besides the vectors that spread diseases that halted cultural development. States became wary of aliens because of the fright that they may convey infective diseases. Trade became limited to neighbouring countries. ensuing in the stray development of local civilization sans the influence of foreign states. The one time booming trade path became awful beginnings of atrocious and fatal diseases. When the pestilences hit. this interaction slowed down for several grounds. Those who survived the pestilence became wary of aliens for fright of catching another dangerous unwellness. Furthermore. the ruinous loss of life made trade less feasible. There were fewer people willing to purchase. as most were preoccupied with reconstructing their lives. When trades slowed down. merchandisers used to mongering their goods looked for other agencies to sell their wares. Rather than travel. they set up stores where people went to purchase what they need. The bubonic pestilence changed the face of the universe as it was one time. And the one time mighty Pax Mongolica started t o crumple and fall by the roadside. as it was with all other mighty imperiums of history. As Dunn so puts it. â€Å"The Black Death was the grimly dry monetary value the universe paid for the trans-hemispheric integrity of the Pax Mongolica. † ( 2004. 271 ) The universe that Ibn Batutta knew no thirster exists and it shall neer be one time once more. Destiny may hold conspired to fix the route for Ibn Batutta to safely go sop that this brilliant universe will be known for all clip to come. Mentions: Dunn. R. ( 2004 ) . The Adventures of Ibn Battuta. a Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century. University of California Press

19th Century Architecture Essay Example For Students

19th Century Architecture Essay 19th Century architecture is a wide subject only because there were so many beautiful and magnificent buildings built. The Houses of Parliament were built between 1840 to 1865. It was built by Sir Charles Barry in a Gothic Revival style. The buildings cover an area of more than 8 acres and contain 1100 apartments, 100 staircases, and 11 courts. The exterior, in its Revived Gothic style, s impressive with its three large towers: Victoria Tower spanning 336ft in the air, Middle tower 300ft, and Saint Stephens better known as the Clock Tower spans 320ft to the sky. The latter contains a clock with four dials, each 23ft long, and a great bell, Big Ben, weighing 13. 5 tons. Among the house are the House of Peers; House of Commons; Saint Stephens Hall on the site of Saint Stephens Chapel; the residence of the speaker, the libraries, committee rooms, and lobbies connected with the House of Commons and the House of Peers; and offices. A very well known structure was also built LA TOUR EIFFEL The Eiffel Tower, or as the French call it, La tour Eiffel, is the last metal construction from the 1887 exhibition. From top to bottom the Eiffel tower is a naked construction showing its rivets and seams proudly. Work on the Eiffel Tower began on January 28, 1887. With new techniques for metal construction the Eiffel Tower was completed in 26 months. With little cost and little labor the only complaints about it were directed at its starkness. The Parisian skyline is forever changed by this tower of steel. Three hundred meters tall when finished, it dominated the landscape of Paris. Later a telecommunications antenna was added to raise the towers height to almost 350 meters. The Eiffel Tower was the tallest building in the world until 1930 when the Chrysler building was built. The Eiffel Tower was built to commemorate the French Revolution. A competition was held for designs for a suitable monument. More than 100 plans were sent in, only three were picked. Of the three the only one standing today is the Eiffel Tower. Conceived by Gustave Alexandre Eiffel, who was an accomplished bridge engineer, the towers designs were sent in to the Centennial Committee. The reply came not more than a month later, they were to build the tower. Work on the actual tower began more than five months after the designs were accepted. Progress was very fast, and by August of 1887 the first section had been completed. Throughout the building of the tower complaints flowed in about its aesthetic value. Making use of new techniques, the rest of the tower was finished with a minimum of time and money. The four semicircular arches that made the towers base were dictated by Gustaves artistic sense. The curve of the trusses required the elevators to ascend on a curve. The elevators made by a U. S manufacturer became one of the principal features of the tower. The Eiffel Tower was the first of its kind. Preceding towers had tried to copy Greek architecture instead of being original. The Eiffel tower began a revolution in civil engineering and architectural design. Another building built in the 1800s was the White House, the building so well known to people was built in its original form between 1792 and 1800. Additions to the original building include the low-lying terraces or pavilions, which were constructed 1807 during the administrations of Thomas Jefferson and reconstructed on those designs in 1902. The West Terrace 50 by 11 m/165 by 35 ft connects with the three-story Executive Wing 1902 containing the presidents office; the East Terrace 66 by 11 m/215 by 35 ft joins the three-story East Wing 1942.